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Euphrates
The Euphrates (; (アラビア語:الفرات): ''al-Furāt'', : ''Pǝrāt'', (アルメニア語:Եփրատ): ''Yeprat'', (ヘブライ語:פרת): ''Perat'', (トルコ語:Fırat), (クルド語:Firat)) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in eastern Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
== Etymology ==
The Ancient Greek form ''Euphrátēs'' () was borrowed from Old Persian ''Ufrātu'', itself from Elamite ''ú-ip-ra-tu-iš''. The Elamite name is ultimately derived from the Sumerian ''Buranuna'', possibly through the Akkadian name. In Akkadian the river was similarly called ''Purattu'', which has been perpetuated in Semitic languages (cf. Syriac ''P(ə)rāṯ'', Arabic ''al-Furrāt'') and in other nearby languages of the time (cf. Hurrian ''Puranti'', Sabarian ''Uruttu''). The Elamite, Akkadian, and possibly Sumerian forms are suggested to be from an unrecorded substrate language. Gamkrelidze and Ivanov suggest the Proto-Sumerian
*burudu "copper" (Sumerian ''urudu'') as an origin, with an explanation that Euphrates was the river by which the copper ore was transported in rafts, since Mesopotamia was the center of copper metallurgy during the period.
The earliest references to the Euphrates come from cuneiform texts found in Shuruppak and pre-Sargonic Nippur in southern Iraq and date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE. In these texts, written in Sumerian, the Euphrates is called ''Buranuna'' (logographic: UD.KIB.NUN). The name could also be written KIB.NUN.(NA) or dKIB.NUN, with the prefix "d" indicating that the river was a divinity. In Sumerian, the name of the city of Sippar in modern-day Iraq was also a written UD.KIB.NUN, indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river.
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